Freedmen with Firearms: White Terrorism and Black Disarmament During Reconstruction

The outcome of the Civil War brought freedom to over six million slaves of African descent. These Freedmen communities remained a critical source of labor for the agrarian based economy of the southern U.S. Conflicts erupted because former slaves sought to exercise their new freedoms against the restrictions placed on them by local authorities. New laws, mob actions and acts of organized white terrorism were used to subjugate free citizens and return them to their former stations of labor. Political activities and participation in the electoral process were violently discouraged. Vocal opponents of the new system were often targeted for murder along with their families. A vital component to this oppressive movement was a concerted effort among local southern governments to disarm African American citizens. Radical Republicans attempted to intercede with new laws based on 2nd amendment protections, but Northern indifference to the plight of former slaves made this politically futile. Unconstitutional firearm restrictions in the reconstruction south ensured that the subjugation of Freedmen would continue indefinitely. Without political agency, or the means of an organized community militia to generate such power, the realization of freedom and the rights of citizenship for African Americans remained unobtainable for nearly 100 years

Host-parasite coevolution with mulitiple types

The coevolution of hosts and parasites has been analysed most prominently with two types using deterministic, population-based models. These models usually generate oscillatory (Red Queen) dynamics. So far it was unclear in which way Red Queen dynamics persists with more than two types of hosts and parasites. In stochastic models changing population size reduces the probability of Red Queen dynamics in a model with two types. It was also argued that with more types in a stochastic model Red Queen dynamics can be observed in a limited parameter space which decreases as the number of host and parasite types increases. In this thesis an arbitrary number of types is examined using deterministic methods. A xed point and stability analysis is conducted and constants of motions are formulated. We show that Red Queen dynamics can still exist. However, Hamiltonian chaos is possible in large areas of the parameter space.Die Koevolution von Wirten und Parasiten wird meist mit zwei Arten mittels deterministischen, populationsbasierten Modellen analysiert. Diese Modelle erzeugen in der Regel oszillierende (Red Queen) Dynamiken. Bisher war unklar, in welcher Weise Red Queen Dynamiken bei mehr als zwei Arten von Wirten und Parasiten bestehen bleiben. In stochastischen Modellen reduziert eine veranderliche Populationsgroe die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Red Queen Dynamik in einem Modell mit zwei Arten. Es wurde auerdem diskutiert, dass mit mehr Arten in einem stochastischen Modell Red Queen Dynamik in einem begrenzten Parameteraum besteht. Dieser Parameterraum reduziert sich, je hoher die Anzahl der Wirt und Parasit Typen. In dieser Arbeit wird, unter Verwendung von deterministischen Methoden, eine beliebige Anzahl an Arten von Wirten und Parasiten untersucht. Eine Fixpunkt- und Stabilitatsanalyse wird durchgefuhrt und Bewegungskonstanten werden formuliert. Wir zeigen, dass Red Queen Dynamik noch existiert. Jedoch entsteht in groen Bereichen des Parameterraums Hamilton'sches Chaos.Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 Mathematical methods 9 2.1 Interaction models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.1 Matching allele model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.2 Cross-infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 General infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Replicator dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.1 Single population dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.2 Two population dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Lotka-Volterra dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4 Numerical integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.5 Fixed points and stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.6 Constant of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.7 Analysis of chaotic dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.8 Stochastic simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3 Analytical results 17 3.1 Fixed points and stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1.1 Replicator dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1.2 Lotka-Volterra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 Constant of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.1 Replicator dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.2 Lotka-Volterra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4 Numerical analysis 31 4.1 Three types and chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Stochastic simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5 Discussion 37 6 Appendix 41 6.1 Jacobian entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.2 Constant of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.3 Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Luke Effect and Federal Taxation: A Commentary on McMahon\u27s The Matthew Effect and Federal Taxation

Professor Martin J. McMahon, Jr.\u27s Article demonstrates that the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer in the United States, that something must be done to deal with increasing income inequality, and that income tax rates should be more progressive. Increasing tax rates on the super-rich as he suggests, however, will not eliminate these problems by itself. There is no way to decrease income inequality without increasing rate progressivity on a wider range of taxpayers. To do so would be politically problematic, and it therefore seems unlikely that these problems can be solved through the federal tax system

The functional subdivision of the visual brain : Is there a real illusion effect on action? A multi-lab replication study

Acknowledgements We thank Brian Roberts and Mike Harris for responding to our questions regarding their paper; Zoltan Dienes for advice on Bayes factors; Denise Fischer, Melanie Römer, Ioana Stanciu, Aleksandra Romanczuk, Stefano Uccelli, Nuria Martos Sánchez, and Rosa María Beño Ruiz de la Sierra for help collecting data; Eva Viviani for managing data collection in Parma. We thank Maurizio Gentilucci for letting us use his lab, and the Centro Intradipartimentale Mente e Cervello (CIMeC), University of Trento, and especially Francesco Pavani for lending us his motion tracking equipment. We thank Rachel Foster for proofreading. KKK was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship as part of a grant to VHF within the International Graduate Research Training Group on Cross-Modal Interaction in Natural and Artificial Cognitive Systems (CINACS; DFG IKG-1247) and TS by a grant (DFG – SCHE 735/3-1); both from the German Research Council.Peer reviewedPostprin

Eg versus x relation from photoluminescence and electron microprobe investigations in p-type Hg1−xCdxTe (0.35 =< x =< 0.7)

Combined photoluminescence (at 10 T 300 K) and electron microprobe investigations have been carried out with HgCdTe samples grown from the melt or from solution. By exciting the samples through metallic masks with 200 μm diameter holes fixed with respect to the sample care was taken to pick-up both characteristic X-ray radiation as well as the photoluminescence from the same sample area. The Eg versus x relation determined in this way at T = 30 K has been compared with data from the interband absorption edge by other authors

Axially linear slopes of composition for “delta” crystals

“Delta” crystals are solid solutions of miscible materials with large lattice parameter differences which contain high concentration gradients in one direction (parallel to a lattice plane strongly diffracting X-rays). The system GaSb-InSb has been chosen as suitable for study. By means of a “gradient projection method”, the growth of nearly linear composition profiles with relatively steep slopes of the lattice parameter (up to (Δa/ ) / Δz = 8.3% cm-1), adjustable by the temperature gradient, have been performed. However, the grown ingots were not monocrystalline due to the use of too high a growth rate

Internal-state thermometry by depletion spectroscopy in a cold guided beam of formaldehyde

We present measurements of the internal state distribution of electrostatically guided formaldehyde. Upon excitation with continuous tunable ultraviolet laser light the molecules dissociate, leading to a decrease in the molecular flux. The population of individual guided states is measured by addressing transitions originating from them. The measured populations of selected states show good agreement with theoretical calculations for different temperatures of the molecule source. The purity of the guided beam as deduced from the entropy of the guided sample using a source temperature of 150K corresponds to that of a thermal ensemble with a temperature of about 30 K